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His sphygmograph could accurately measure the pulse rate, but was very unreliable in determining the blood pressure.
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However, Vierordt’s device was huge and unwieldy (168 cm tall) and produced very uneven results.Įtienne Jules Marey, a French physician (also a cinematographer who is considered to be the father of modern photography) developed this idea further in 1860. Vierordt used an inflatable cuff around the arm to constrict the artery. Vierordt introduced the sphygmograph, based on this principle of obliteration. In 1855, Karl Vierordt discovered that with enough pressure the arterial pulse could be obliterated. The race was now on to find a suitable way to measure blood pressure non-invasively.
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However, at this time, blood pressure could still only be measured by invasive means. This quill would sketch onto a rotating drum hence the name “kymograph” (wave writer in Greek). The manometer tube had an ivory float onto which a rod with a quill was attached. Ludwig's kymograph consisted of a U-shaped manometer tube connected to a brass pipe canula plugged directly into the artery. Faivre used Carl Ludwig's recently invented kymograph with catheters inserted directly into an artery. In 1856 Faivre recorded human blood pressure for the first time during a limb amputation. However, Hales’ technique was not suitable for testing with humans, as it was very invasive and highly inappropriate for clinical use. Hales inserted a glass tube into an artery of a horse and observed the rise and fall of blood in the tube and concluded that this must be due to fluctuating pressure in the arteries of the horse. The first recorded instance of the measurement of blood pressure was in 1711 by the Reverend Stephen Hales. As a matter of routine, bloodletting was used as a universal panacea for just about every symptom known to man. The idea that blood was not constantly produced in the body raised doubts about the benefit of bloodletting, a popular medical practice at the time. Harvey's views were initially met with a lot of skepticism and resistance. Harvey proposed that there was a finite amount of blood that circulated the body in one direction only. In 1616 William Harvey announced that Galen was wrong in his assertion that the heart constantly produced blood, like a fountain. Galen believed that the heart was like a fountain, constantly giving the needed pneuma and blood to the system. Nerves and the brain were responsible for sensation and thought, the heart filled the body with life-giving energy (pneuma) and the liver provided the body with nourishment and growth. He maintained that the human body was comprised of three systems. However, building on ideas conceived by Hippocrates and because the arteries stopped bleeding when death occurred, Galen believed that this circulatory system was composed of an interconnected set of arteries filled with “pneuma” (life giving force) or air. It is Galen in ancient Greece who first proposed the existence of a circulatory system in the human body.